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欢迎参加新一节 Wacom 素描课。今天，我们来学习如何画出女性的脸。大家都知道，这种题材总是很赏心悦目，我自己也喜欢画。当然，每张脸看起来都略有不同，这取决于人的出身、年龄、露出几只耳朵等，更不用说每个艺术家的风格差异了。有时候，即使是同一张脸，早上和晚上看起来也完全不同。
在这篇手把手指南中，我们会学到多年以来世界各地的肖像画、卡通人物画、漫画和动漫艺术家在绘制写实面部时遵循的一些基本原则。当然，这些并不是强制性规则，每个艺术家都可以根据自己的风格进行调整和重新诠释。绘制女性脸部是一项挑战性十足的任务，练习并牢记这篇指南一定会大有帮助。
本课程中，我们将根据自己的想象画出一张女性的脸，并学习一些必要的技巧和手法，让她看起来栩栩如生。我们会首先构造头部形状，然后添加特征，对脸部进行微调和上色。希望本课程对你有所启发，也希望这套方法能在今后的绘画创作中为你所用。
本课程主要面向初学者，但有经验的艺术家也有可能得到新的启发。我也会讲到在电脑上使用数位板或数位屏的工作流程和数字设备的优势。不过，你也可以用笔和纸来跟随课程学习。
祝绘画愉快，学有所得。
目录
女性脸部画法，A 章： 几何形状
01 Begin with a circle
First, make a small construction drawing. With the help of some basic shapes, the head, eyes, nose and mouth can be positioned with ease.
We start with a circle. Drawing a circle is not the easiest thing in the world. If you don't succeed right away and your circle looks like a cubist potato, try to fix your wrist and sketch the circle from the rotation of your forearm. You can also - like me - try to approach the circle shape with several quick strokes. Don't worry if your construction drawing doesn't look very nice. You won't see it at all in the end.
02 Center axis
Now we sketch a straight line in the center of the circle. I call it "center axis", because left and right should be more or less symmetrical, as it is in faces.
03 Vertical guide lines
Time for some guidelines: Cut the circle with a horizontal line. We transfer this half circle height downwards to the extended central axis.
Within the circle, we cut each half in half again with two small lines. This way we have divided the circle into 4 parts and added another half circle height at the bottom.
04 One more circle
Now we need a smaller circle. Don't worry, we have almost finished construction. The small circle goes from the third line of division to the very bottom. So, it is ¾ as big as the big circle. We also mark the center of the smaller circle.
05 Cheeks
Construction finished. Time to draw the rest. Connect the two circles into a single shape. These joined circles will make up the skull and lower jaw as there are no bones sticking out, this should be pretty easy.
You can make the connecting lines straight or curve outwards, depending on how well nourished you want the face to look. The cheeks could also sink inwards if you want a gaunter look.
06 纵向定位
我们对头部的大胆构造非常有用。因为所有细节的位置都一目了然：
• 顶部四分之一处是发际线。
• 圆的中心线——好吧，也许这不重要。但有经验的艺术家都知道：要想取四分之一，就得先取一半
• 下一条线是眼睛位置。是的，眼睛位置确实有那么低。它们位于脸部在纵向上的中间位置。
• 鼻子下端正好压在我们第一个圆的下缘。
• 而嘴巴就在小圆的中心。
07 Horizontal subdivision
In order not to draw eyes and mouth too wide or too narrow, we subdivide the face once again, this time horizontally. We cut each side in half, then half again. This gives us a total of eight equally wide parts.
The left eye extends from the second to the fourth dividing line and the right mirrors it on the other side. The pupils sit in the middle of the eyes at the third subdivision line, exactly in the middle of each half.
The mouth is about as wide as the distance between the pupils. Sketch a pair of eyes, a mouth and a small U-shaped line for the nose. This doesn’t have to be perfect, but be sure to define the corner points clearly.
08 Head shape
Now that we know where the eyes, mouth and nose are located, we can remove some of the guidelines. Keep the one for the hairline, we’ll need it again at the end. Now that we see the face for the first time, we can rework the head shape a bit. A woman's head shape is softer and less angular than males. Therefore, the outlines of the head shape should be drawn with softer curves.
We start with a U-shaped curve at the chin. Try to draw the chin as symmetrically as possible. The narrower the chin, the more feminine the face will look. But if the chin is too narrow, we might accidentally draw an alien.
When satisfied with the chin, start with a new line at the top of the forehead. First, follow the circle from our sketch. At eye level our head shape makes a barely noticeable dip inward. Once there, elegantly swing around the cheek and draw an almost straight line towards the chin, where our lines meet.
09. Mood of our face
Now to decide what state of mind our woman's face has. This depends primarily on whether the eyebrows and mouth are pointing up or down.I have decided on a satisfied, good-humored face. The mouth points slightly upwards, the eyebrows are relatively neutral.
10 End of the preliminary drawing
Our preliminary drawing is finished. I have indicated the areas for the eyebrows and sketched the lips a bit. But don't worry, we'll go into all the details right away.
女性脸部画法， B 章：脸部细节
在下一章中，我们将对脸部进行细节处理。
11 Preliminary drawing as orientation
Place your preliminary drawing as a separate layer in the background and make it a little lighter so you can still use it as a guide, without it being too distracting.
12 The upper eyelid
The shape of the upper eyelid varies from person to person. Even small differences have a great effect on the appearance of a face. Basically, the upper eyelid (especially the female eyelid) describes a curve that rises relatively sharply and then falls off weakly. The easiest way to achieve this curve is to start from the outside.
13 The lower eyelid and the pupil
The lower eyelid describes a slightly flatter arc than the upper one. It does not start directly at the end point of the upper eyelid. The upper eyelid goes a little further outward. In addition, the lower eyelid can curve slightly upwards on both the outside and inside. In a laughing person, this outer curvature is particularly pronounced because the laugh muscles push the outer edges of the eyes upwards.
Depending on how important this facial characteristic is to us, we can draw this line several times.
Place the pupil so it lies against the upper eyelid. This creates the effect of the eye looking directly at us.
14 Iris and upper lid crease
The upper lid crease is the most romantic crease of the face. Eyelid wrinkles that touch the upper eyelid at certain points create different effects. For example, exaggerated, high eyelid creases create the well-known bedroom look. It is worthwhile to experiment with the upper eyelid crease, as it can express completely different moods.
The standard eyelid crease, when the eye is at rest, runs almost parallel to the upper eyelid. Since things are rarely exactly parallel in nature, the eyelid crease can move slightly away from the eyelid towards the middle of the line and approaches the middle of the face again.
Geometrically, the iris is a circle concentric to the pupil. It is about half as wide as the total area of the eye. Of course, we do not draw a complete circle, because the iris is covered by the eyelids at the top and bottom. It may be easier to draw a complete circle for the iris first, and to remove the covered parts after.
15 眉毛
画眉毛时，先画出一个区域，之后再用毛发填充。这个区域微微指向外侧。女性的眉毛往往比男性的窄一些，而且眉弓较为陡峭。但注意不要画得太夸张。
内侧眉毛呈 45 度角，向外侧过渡时逐渐变平。建议用大量、快速的笔触绘制毛发。从内侧开始向外绘制，逐渐小幅度偏转每根毛发的角度。
在数字时代，可以用数位板或数位屏轻松擦去突出太多的毛发。
16 One more eye
You can also copy and even mirror things on your tablet. However, there were eyes and faces long before the digital age. And no two eyes ever look exactly the same. And last but not least: You have to practice!
17 Iris Texture
The eye and especially the iris are complex structures, made of many fine shapes and colors. We can approach this view graphically by drawing many fast alternating black and white fine lines from the pupil to the edge of the iris. We can also fill the iris with color later.
18 Reflection
The final touch is given to the eye by light reflection. This can be a simple white point, several points, a window or even a whole landscape. We achieve a pleasant effect with a simple shape that does not cover too much of the eye. We do not want to illuminate the whole eye. Less is more.
19 The mouth
The mouth is not a gently running line. The corners of the mouth, i.e. the outer edges of the line should be defined with a little more pressure or with small corner creases. A typical feature of the female mouth is the small curvature of the mouth crease in the middle.
I made the mouth a bit narrower than in the preliminary drawing, because it seemed more coherent to me.
Don't forget to always look at your drawing as a whole and check if everything is in its place. Maybe you want to change something? What can be improved?
20 Upper lip
Male and female faces also differ in the thickness and curvature of the lips. We start the upper lip as symmetrically as possible with two slightly ascending, quickly drawn strokes
from the corners of the mouth towards the middle. In the second step, we let the two strokes turn into a V with two steep curves.
21 Lower lip
The lower lip may be slightly thicker than the upper lip, but this is not a must. The line may become slightly flat towards the middle.
The mouth may end up looking a little like a sticker stuck on the face. To prevent this, just use a little drawing trick. Leave a gap between the lower lip line and the corners of the upper lip, let the line gently run out and point towards the corners of the mouth.
22 Nose tip
The nose is known to protrude furthest from the face. This may be a little easier to draw in profile, but in the frontal view it presents us with certain difficulties. As we only have two dimensions at our disposal, we have to work with something called ‘perspective shortening’. This can be a challenge especially for beginners, but we can avoid any problems by applying a simple formula: Draw the tip of the nose as a small horizontal line pointing slightly upwards. On both sides of the tip of the nose we continue with slightly outwardly curved strokes.
23 The nostrils
The nostrils start very close to the outer sides of the nose tip. They are almost horizontal at the lower end and point at the upper end in approximately the direction of the opposite inner eye fold.
Now we should check the face as a whole. Is the nose too large or too small? Too wide? Too narrow? You can change the nose until you are satisfied. Most graphics programs can also help you with the transformation tool.
24 Adjust head shape
Now that we have drawn all the important parts of the face, it is advisable to adjust the head shape one last time. In principle, we can transfer the head shape from the preliminary drawing to the final drawing in pretty much the same way. You may notice some spots that need changing slightly.
25 Two lines
Among many possible shadows and wrinkles that faces could have, I have chosen two that I like to use, especially on female faces.
One is the chin crease under the lower lip. It defines the chin and visually widens the mouth area.
Another is the cheek shadow (on the left). This is one of the typical features of a woman’s face. It usually takes a few tries to get the cheek shadow where it should be, so that the face doesn't look too bony or grinning.
26 Two boxes
Once again, this step is about determining a position. The ears stretch from the eyes to the tip of the nose. As we see the face from the front, the ears don’t appear round, but almost flat against the head. Draw two small, slightly V-shaped boxes.
27 耳朵
女性脸部有一个重要优势：通常会有很多头发遮住耳朵，以至于我们也许都不需要把耳朵画出来。耳朵是个相当复杂的结构，有许多角度、褶皱和阴影，可能应该专门为此另开一门课程详细讲述。
因此，我在图中教大家如何只用简单的三步绘制出稍显抽象的耳朵。这是借助这两个框实现的。
在下一章中，我们将为脸部添加头发并做修饰，包括上色。
女性脸部画法， C 章：头发和修饰
28 发际线
希望你还没有擦掉发际线辅助线。如果擦掉了也不用担心，我们可以通过观察脸的其他部分来确定头发的位置。
画头发和画耳朵一样，本身就是一门科学，大概也需要专门的教程来讲解。我尽量把讲解精简成几句话。
我们先粗略勾画出发型的顶点和外缘。建议把这个部分画在单独的图层上，便于之后把初步画好的头发隐藏起来。分发线始于发际线辅助线位置（本例中画在中间偏右一点），将笔触向上扫，尽量画得优雅。头发从顶点开始向两边的耳朵落下。根据发型的蓬松程度，也可以用几根并排的线条将发型确定下来。
29 The neck
Below the ears the hair reappears and falls down freely in several brisk strokes. On this occasion we can also indicate the neck.
While drawing the hairlines you will notice certain curves, curls or areas that you’d like to add to. Don't go into too much detail yet.
30 Falling direction of the hair
This step is not about drawing slow cautious lines, but about drawing the hair in a sweeping and brisk manner. Of course, we don't draw every single hair, but rather study the fall directions of the hair at the different places. Later we can define them with a few clear strokes. Hair grows in tufts, and within these tufts it all grows and falls in similar directions (not criss-cross). I've created several tufts of hair and hairstyle areas in the image quite arbitrarily. There are no limits to your imagination. Hair is always the fun part.
31 Final artwork of the hair
Once your hand gets used to the fast movements, lines, and curves of the hair strokes, it is much easier to define a clear, sweeping hairstyle. For the final drawing of the hair, it is recommended to use a separate layer again. Here we can orientate ourselves on the pre drawn hairstyle and later, as already mentioned, simply hide it. If necessary, we can also erase hair that is too long and protrudes into the face without erasing the face itself. It's worth experimenting with different line widths and degrees of coverage when drawing the hairstyle. In our picture I have emphasized the individual strands with a darker line, while within the strands the indicated subdivision lines are much lighter and less prominent. The most important thing when drawing hair is still the line speed. And fortunately, in digital drawing, any imperfect stroke can be undone until it fits.
32 Optional detail work
Of course, the possibilities for detail work are almost unlimited. Here are a few examples that can be fun:
• Adding another point of light in the eye.
• Texture the lips with the same technique as the iris.
• Adding a subtle shadow at the bottom of the nostrils.
33 锦上添花：上色。
希望你画得开心，也希望本教程能提供一些对今后绘画有用的技巧。当然，区区一篇教程不可能完全涵盖这一创意主题的方方面面。
我们将在未来的课程中深入学习更多细节和变化，例如：怎样从不同角度画脸、不同年龄的脸、头发-鼻子-耳朵的细节、脸的着色、身体的其他部分、手-脚-身体，以及男性的脸等主题。
本教程旨在帮助希望提升自我的艺术家打下坚实的基础。与其他任何艺术形式一样，只有经常练习才可熟能生巧。如果你对刚开始画出的作品不满意，不要沮丧。你一定会越画越好的。敬请持续关注我们，获取灵感，享受乐趣。
Create expressive faces. Get started with Wacom One.
Wacom One is ideal for bringing facial features to life. The natural surface friction and minimal reflection creates a pen-on-paper feeling on the 13.3” screen. The pen feels light and natural in your hand and transforms into a pencil, paintbrush or chalk in your selected software. It can even be used as an eraser. Perfect for refining the details to create lifelike faces. Creative software comes included, along with the ability to connect to your Mac or PC, as well as certain Android devices.
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Wacom 的愿景是通过自然的界面技术汇聚人与科技。这项愿景让 Wacom 成长为交互式数位板、数位屏及数位触控笔的全球性制造商，以及数字签名保存与处理解决方案提供商。Wacom 直观输入设备所采用的技术已催生出全世界诸多一线数字艺术品、电影、特效、时尚及设计佳作，其界面技术同时为商业和家庭用户提供表达自我个性的利器。创办于 1983 年的 Wacom 公司是一家全球性公司，总部位于日本（东京证券交易所上市编号：6727），分公司及营销与销售代表处遍布世界各地 150 多个国家/地区。